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【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforMeasuringtheToxicityofSediment-AssociatedContaminantswithEstuarineandMarineInvertebrates
【原文标准名称】:用河口和海洋处生长的无脊椎动物作静态沉淀污染物毒性的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTME1367-2003(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2003
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.03
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Ampeliscaabdita;amphipod;bioavailability;chronic;Eohaustoriusestuarius;estuarine;invertebrates;Leptocheirusplumulosus;marine;Rhepoxyniu
【摘要】:General:Sedimentprovideshabitatformanyaquaticorganismsandisamajorrepositoryformanyofthemorepersistentchemicalsthatareintroducedintosurfacewaters.Intheaquaticenvironment,mostanthropogenicchemicalsandwastematerialsincludingtoxicorganicandinorganicchemicalseventuallyaccumulateinsediment.MountingevidencesexistsofenvironmentaldegradationinareaswhereUSEPAWaterQualityCriteria(WQC;Stephanetal.(67))arenotexceeded,yetorganismsinornearsedimentsareadverselyaffectedChapman,1989(68).TheWQCweredevelopedtoprotectorganismsinthewatercolumnandwerenotdirectedtowardprotectingorganismsinsediment.Concentrationsofcontaminantsinsedimentmaybeseveralordersofmagnitudehigherthanintheoverlyingwater;however,wholesedimentconcentrationshavenotbeenstronglycorrelatedtobioavailabilityBurton,1991(69).Partitioningorsorptionofacompoundbetweenwaterandsedimentmaydependonmanyfactorsincluding:aqueoussolubility,pH,redox,affinityforsedimentorganiccarbonanddissolvedorganiccarbon,grainsizeofthesediment,sedimentmineralconstituents(oxidesofiron,manganese,andaluminum),andthequantityofacidvolatilesulfidesinsedimentDiToroetal.1991(70)Giesyetal.1988(71).Althoughcertainchemicalsarehighlysorbedtosediment,thesecompoundsmaystillbeavailabletothebiota.Chemicalsinsedimentsmaybedirectlytoxictoaquaticlifeorcanbeasourceofchemicalsforbioaccumulationinthefoodchain.Theobjectiveofasedimenttestistodeterminewhetherchemicalsinsedimentareharmfultoorarebioaccumulatedbybenthicorganisms.Thetestscanbeusedtomeasureinteractivetoxiceffectsofcomplexchemicalmixturesinsediment.Furthermore,knowledgeofspecificpathwaysofinteractionsamongsedimentsandtestorganismsisnotnecessarytoconductthetestsKempetal.1988,(72).Sedimenttestscanbeusedto:(1)determinetherelationshipbetweentoxiceffectsandbioavailability,(2)investigateinteractionsamongchemicals,(3)comparethesensitivitiesofdifferentorganisms,(4)determinespatialandtemporaldistributionofcontamination,(5)evaluatehazardsofdredgedmaterial,(6)measuretoxicityaspartofproductlicensingorsafetytesting,(7)rankareasforcleanup,and(8)estimatetheeffectivenessofremediationormanagementpractices.Avarietyofmethodshavebeendevelopedforassessingthetoxicityofchemicalsinsedimentsusingamphipods,midges,polychaetes,oligochaetes,mayflies,orcladocerans(TestMethodE1706,GuideE1525,GuideE1850;AnnexA1,AnnexA2;USEPA,2000(73),EPA1994b,(74),EnvironmentCanada1997a,(75),EnviromentCanada1997b,(76)).Severalendpointsaresuggestedinthesemethodstomeasurepotentialeffectsofcontaminantsinsedimentincludingsurvival,growth,behavior,orreproduction;however,survivaloftestorganismsin10-dayexposuresistheendpointmostcommonlyreported.Theseshort-termexposuresthatonlymeasureeffectsonsurvivalcanbeusedtoidentifyhighlevelsofcontaminationinsediments,butmaynotbeabletoidentifymoderatelevelsofcontaminationinsediments(USEPAUSEPA,2000(73);Sibleyetal.1996,(77);Sibleyetal.19......
【中国标准分类号】:Z19
【国际标准分类号】:
【页数】:62P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语